Basically, we can say that they all belong to one category. The term tannin originates from the use of botanical extracts for tanning, and refers to the astringent function. Polyphenols refers to the molecular structure since these substances have many(poly) hydroxyl groups. Polyphenols are all highly polymerized with unidentified structures, whereas catechins have flavanole frameworks in their molecules, with clear structures made up from several kinds of compounds.
Of course, tea catechins too have astringency and many hydroxyl groups so generally speaking, tea catechins are a subgroup within the larger group made up of tannin and polyphenols.
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